Original Research
Ray tracing analysis of CH3NH3PBI3-based perovskite solar cells: effects of various perovskite, ETL and HTL thicknesses
N. A. H. Rahime
a
A. Azis
a
M. Z. M. Yusoff
a
M. S. Yahya
d

a School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti

Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia

b Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti

Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia

c Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,

Malaysia

d Energy Storage Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia


Journal of Optoelectronic and Biomedical Materials 2025, 17(2),99-107; https://doi.org/10.67229/JOBM16272
Submitted:Feb 13, 2025
Accepted:May 26, 2025
Published:Aug 17, 2026
+
Cite This Article
N. A. H. Rahime ,A. Azis ,M. Z. M. Yusoff ,M. S. Yahya . (2025). Journal of Optoelectronic and Biomedical Materials. Ray tracing analysis of CH3NH3PBI3-based perovskite solar cells: effects of various perovskite, ETL and HTL thicknesses, 17(2), ,99-107. https://doi.org/10.67229/JOBM16272
Abstract

This study investigates how the thickness of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer influences light absorption and the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell. The goal for this research is to identify the optimum values of perovskite nanocrystalline (CH3NH3PbI3) thickness layer, to determine the ideal thickness of hole transport layer (HTL) and electron transport layer (ETL) to achieve maximum photocurrent density (Jmax) and to investigate the relationship between the hole transport layer (HTL) and electron transport layer (ETL) thickness on perovskites solar cell performance. Wafer Ray Tracer calculator from PV Lighthouse simulation is used in this research to achievesthe objectives. The result shows the optimum thickness for the nanocrystalline perovskite layer, ETL of TiO2 and HTL of Spiro-OMeTAD is 400nm, 40nm and 200nm respectively. In conclusion, the Wafer Ray Tracer calculator can do the modelling and analysis of nanocrystalline perovskite solar cells by varying their thickness.

©2026 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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