a University of Garmian, College of Education, Department of Physics, Kurdistan region, Iraq

b University of Garmian, College of Education, Department of Chemistry,

Kurdistan region, Iraq

c University of Diyala, College of Science, Department of Physics, Diyala, Iraq

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were manufactured successfully using the sol-gel approach in this study. The impact of calcination temperatures on their structural and morphological properties is studied using three different calcination temperatures (350, 400, and 450 °C). XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, and a Raman scattering spectroscope were used to characterize the samples. In all samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) of calcined samples (350-450 °C) reveals the presence of the wurtzite hexagonal nanocrystalline structure of ZnO compound. The XRD patterns showed no additional peaks, indicating that the final product is exclusively ZnO nanostructures. The FE-SEM pictures of a calcined ZnO sample at 450°C revealed a porous structure, longer length and diameter, and agglomeration of mixed polyhedral shape particles as the calcination temperature increased. The presence of necessary oxide material in the EDS spectrum confirmed the synthesis of ZnO, indicating that the purity of ZnO was appropriate. Finally, using Raman spectroscopy, the vibrational characteristics of ZnO were studied. Several bands in Raman spectra appeared to belong to ZnO vibrational modes, confirming the purity of the produced ZnO samples. The findings of such a study were presented in this paper.